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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=en>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Requirements for Chinese Text Layout - 中文排版需求</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./local.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./print.css">
<script defer class="remove" src="https://www.w3.org/Tools/respec/respec-w3c"></script>
<script defer src="./built/script.js"></script>
<script class="remove">
var respecConfig = {
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editors: [
{
name: "<span lang='zh-hans'>薛富侨</span> (Fuqiao XUE)",
mailto: "[email protected]",
company: "W3C",
w3cid: 95475
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name: "Richard Ishida",
mailto: "[email protected]",
company: "W3C",
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</head>
<body>
<h1 class="title p-name" id="title">Requirements for Chinese Text Layout<br><span lang="zh">中文排版需求</span></h1>
<section id="abstract">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document summarizes text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe issues for Chinese layout, another is to describe correspondences with existing standards (such as Unicode), as well as to encourage vendors to implement relevant features correctly.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统于排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版之需求与问题；另一方面也提出与既有标准（如Unicode）的对应，冀求本文能更有效地促进实现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統於排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提出與既有標準（如Unicode）的對應，冀求本文能更有效地促進實作。</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document was created by the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">Chinese Layout Task Force</a> within the W3C Internationalization Interest Group, and in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5 Chinese Interest Group</a>. The <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">Internationalization Working Group</a> has been a great help during the writing of this document. The Chinese Layout Task Force will work with the Internationalization Working Group to publish Group Draft Notes of this document, and to widen the exposure and review of the document. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档由W3C国际化兴趣组下的<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">中文布局任务团</a>编写而成，<a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文兴趣组</a>为本文档提供了审阅支持，<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>为文档的编写提供了诸多帮助。中文排版布局任务小组将与<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C国际化工作组</a>联合发布该文档的草案，并邀请业界进行审阅。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔由W3C國際化興趣組下的<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq">中文布局任務團</a>編寫而成，<a href="https://www.w3.org/html/ig/zh/">W3C HTML5中文興趣組</a>為本文檔提供了審閱支持，<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C國際化工作組</a>為文檔的編寫提供了諸多幫助。中文排版布局任務小組將與<a href="https://www.w3.org/International/core/">W3C國際化工作組</a>聯合發布該文檔的草案，並邀請業界進行審閱。</p>
<p id="langSwitch">
<button onclick="switchLang('zh-hant')" lang="zh-hant">繁體中文</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('zh-hans')" lang="zh-hans">简体中文</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('en')" lang="en">English</button>
<button onclick="switchLang('all')" lang="en">All</button>
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本章节描述了本文档的发布状态。其他更新版本可能会覆盖本文档。W3C的文档列表和最新版本可通过<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技术报告</a>索引访问。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">以编辑草稿方式发布的文档还没有通过<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>会员流程的认可。这是一份文档草稿并且会不断更新。请暂时不要正式引用本文档。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh_hans" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/">专利政策</a>。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>为工作组的产出成果维护着一份<a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/i18n-core/ipr" rel="disclosure">公开专利披露列表</a>，此页面也同时涵盖了专利披露说明。若个人发现其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">必须声明</a>的专利信息，必须按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>专利政策第六章节</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh_hans" href="https://www.w3.org/2023/Process-20230612/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文档</a>（2023年6月12日版）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本章節描述了本文檔的發布狀態。其他更新版本可能會覆蓋本文檔。W3C的文檔列表和最新版本可通過<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C技術報告</a>索引訪問。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">以編輯草稿方式發布的文檔還沒有通過<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>會員流程的認可。這是一份文檔草稿並且會不斷更新。請暫時不要正式引用本文檔。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔遵循<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr><a id="sotd_patent_zh-hant" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/">專利政策</a>。<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>為工作組的產出成果維護著一份<a href="https://www.w3.org/groups/wg/i18n-core/ipr" rel="disclosure">公開專利披露列表</a>，此頁面也同時涵蓋了專利披露說明。若個人發現其有包含<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">必須聲明</a>的專利信息，必須按照<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>專利政策第六章節</a>披露此信息。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔遵循<a id="w3c_process_revision_zh-hant" href="https://www.w3.org/2023/Process-20230612/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>流程文檔</a>（2023年6月12日版）。</p>
</section>
<section id="introduction">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Introduction</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">绪论</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">緒論</span>
</h2>
<section id="contributors">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Contributors</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">贡献者</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">貢獻者</span>
</h2>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Information, clarifications, and translations were provided by
Angel LI,
Bobby TUNG,
Eric Q. LIU,
Fuqiao XUE,
Hai LIANG,
Hui Jing CHEN,
Yijun CHEN,
Zhengyu QIAN,
and Richard ISHIDA
as members of the W3C's Chinese Layout Task Force.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">W3C中文布局任务团成员陈慧晶、陈奕钧、董福兴、李安琪、梁海、刘庆、钱争予、薛富侨和Richard Ishida提供了信息和翻译。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">W3C中文布局任務團成員陳慧晶、陳奕鈞、董福興、李安琪、梁海、劉慶、錢爭予、薛富僑和Richard Ishida提供了信息和翻譯。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Special thanks to the following people who contributed to this document (contributors' names listed in in alphabetic order). </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">感谢以下参与者对本文档的建议与补充（依字母及拼音顺序排列）：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">感謝以下參與者對本文檔的建議與補充（依字母及拼音順序排列）：</p>
<p class="acknowledgement">Addison Phillips, Buernia, 陳穎青, Du Yuang, Hao Chen, Hawkeyes Wind, 贺师俊 John Hax (百姓网), 侯迈 MieMie (豆瓣), NFSL2001, Jiang Jiang (Opera), 吕康豪 Kang-hao Lu (BGI), 李喆明 Austin Lee, 林可锟 Kirk Lin, Percy Ma, phy25, 吴小倩 Xiaoqian Wu (W3C), 权循真 Xidorn Quan (Mozilla), SyaoranHinata, technommy, and Virgil Ming, 张爱杰 Aijie Zhang (中国移动通信集团公司).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Please find the latest info of the contributors at the <a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub contributors list</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">欲了解最新的参与者信息，请参看<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub贡献者列表</a>。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">欲了解最新的參與者信息，請參看<a href="https://github.com/w3c/clreq/graphs/contributors">GitHub貢獻者列表</a>。</p>
</section>
<section id="basic_features_of_chinese_script">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Basic features of Chinese script</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版的主要特色</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版的主要特色</span>
</h3>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese composition exhibits several differences from other writing systems. The major features include: </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版有别于其他书写体系，主要特点如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版有別於其他書寫體系，主要特點如下：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id3">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The Chinese writing system can be broadly classified into either Traditional Chinese or Simplified Chinese. Chinese communities in different regions (e.g. Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Malaysia etc.) may have their own regional standards. These differ with respect to which glyph represents a canonical vs. a variant shape, or how many strokes are contained in a given character. They may also have typographic layout rules specific to their own region.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的书写系统可以大致分为“繁体字”“简体字”系统，但是，使用中文的各个地区（中国大陆、台湾、香港、澳门、新加坡、马来西亚等）对汉字各自分别有不同的规范化形式，其具体字形、笔画多少存在差异，也会采用与其他地区不尽相同的排版规则。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的書寫系統可以大致分為「繁體字」「簡體字」系統，但是，使用中文的各個地區（中國大陸、台灣、香港、澳門、新加坡、馬來西亞等）對漢字各自分別有不同的規範化形式，其具體字形、筆劃多少存在差異，也會採用與其他地區不盡相同的排版規則。</p>
</li>
<li id="id4">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> There are two writing modes: vertical and horizontal. The former is often seen in publications from Taiwan, Hong Kong etc.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的行文模式有直排及横排两种，其中，前者多见于台湾、香港等地的中文出版品。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的行文模式有直排及橫排二種，其中，前者多見於台灣、香港等地的中文出版品。</p>
</li>
<li id="id5">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> In principal, the characters, including Han characters (Hanzi) and punctuation, used in Chinese composition are squares with the ratio of 1:1, and are seamlessly arranged with one another.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">原则上，中文排版所使用的汉字和标点符号比例皆为1:1的正方形，将其无缝隙并列排成版面。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">原則上，中文排版所使用的漢字與標點符號比例皆為1:1的正方形，將其無縫隙並列排成版面。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For most of the typographic rules described in this document, "regional differences" are more than "differences between Simplified and Traditional Chinese". For example, although most publications in Mainland China use Simplified Chinese characters in <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>, a few publications use Traditional Chinese characters in horizontal or vertical writing mode, or Simplified characters in vertical writing mode. The typographical rules in Mainland China, such as the punctuation position rules specified in <cite>General Rules for Punctuation</cite> (GB/T 15834—2011) also apply to vertical or Traditional Chinese publications published in Mainland China. For vertical and Traditional Chinese publications published in Taiwan, Taiwan's typographic rules are used. Therefore, it is recommended that the user agents distinguish typographical rules by "region" rather than "Traditional or Simplified".</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">对于本文叙述重点的排版规则来说，“地区差异”大于“繁简差异”。比如，虽然中国大陆的大多数出版物均采用简体字、<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">横排</a>，但仍有少数采用繁体字横排、直排或者简体字直排；中国大陆的排版规则，如 GB/T 15834—2011《标点符号用法》中规定的标点符号位置同时也适用于中国大陆出版的直排、繁体字出版物。而台湾出版的直排、繁体字出版物则采用台湾的排版规则。因此建议各种用户代理处理排版规则时，应通过“区域”设置，而非“繁简”文本设置进行区分。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">對於本文敘述重點的排版規則來說，「地區差異」大於「繁簡差異」。比如，雖然中國大陸的大多數出版物均採用簡體字、<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">橫排</a>，但仍有少數採用繁體字橫排、直排或者簡體字直排；中國大陸的排版規則，如 GB/T 15834—2011《標點符號用法》中規定的標點符號位置同時也適用於中國大陸出版的直排、繁體字出版物。而臺灣出版的直排、繁體字出版物則採用臺灣的排版規則。因此建議各種用戶代理處理排版規則時，應通過「區域」設置，而非「繁簡」文本設置進行區分。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="purpose_of_this_document">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Purpose of this document</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">目的</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">目的</span>
</h3>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The transfer of each and every writing system into the digital world is an important responsibility of information and communication technology. It plays an important role in the generation, safeguarding, maintenance and re-creation of cultural assets.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">将每一个书写系统数字化再现，是信息与通信技术的重要职责，对于文化资产的创造、保护、延续和重新演绎发挥着至关重要的作用。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">將每一個書寫系統數字化再現，是資訊與通信科技的重要職責，對於文化資產的創造、保護、延續和重新演繹發揮著至關重要的作用。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">As one of the basic work items of this task force, this document summarizes text composition requirements in the Chinese writing system. One of the goals of the task force is to describe issues for Chinese layout, another is to describe correspondences with existing standards (such as Unicode), as well as to encourage vendors to implement relevant features correctly.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">作为实现这个责任的基础，本文整理了中文（汉字）书写系统在排版上的需求。一方面说明需求事项以明确描述中文排版之需求与问题；另一方面也提供与既有标准（如Unicode）的对应，冀求通过本文有效地促进实现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">作為實現這個責任的基礎，本文整理了中文（漢字）書寫系統在排版上的需求。一方面說明需求事項以明確描述中文排版之需求與問題；另一方面也提供與既有標準（如Unicode）的對應，冀求透過本文有效地促進實作。</p>
</section>
<section id="basic_principles_for_development_of_this_document">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">How this document was created</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">撰写方针</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">撰寫方針</span>
</h3>
<section id="chinese_text_in_this_document">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Languages used in this document</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档所使用的中文语言</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文檔所使用的中文語言</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document was developed by people working in different areas, using both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Group Draft Note, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We plan to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage, the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文的作者来自各个地区，包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑们及合作者们对本文档的贡献，并对他们跨越文化差异、共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景表示钦佩。在本草稿的早期阶段，文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本阶段，原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文的作者來自各個地區，包含繁體中文使用者和簡體中文使用者。我們感謝來自不同語言文化背景的編輯們及合作者們對本文檔的貢獻，並對他們跨越文化差異、共同致力完善本文檔的美好願景表示欽佩。在本草稿的早期階段，文中漢語所使用的版本取決於貢獻此內容的編寫者。未來的版本會逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本階段，原始文本將被保留以快速完成和修正本文檔。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right corner of the page.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">您可通過本頁面右上方的按鈕選擇閱讀文檔的單一語言版本。</p>
</section>
<section id="design_approach">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Design approach</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">设计原则</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">設計原則</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文基于上述前提，主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文基於上述前提，主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。</p>
<ul>
<li id="id1">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western Typesetting and <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">Requirements for Japanese Text Layout</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">不列举中文排版的各项细节，主要处理与西文排版、<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版需求</a>有所不同之处。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">不列舉中文排版的各項細節，主要處理與西文排版、<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/">日文排版需求</a>有所不同之處。</p>
</li>
<li id="id2">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It explains in detail the similarities and differences among different areas and Traditional/Simplified Chinese composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">详细说明各个地区使用繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">詳細說明各個地區使用繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。</p>
</li>
<li id="id6">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">说明中文排版所表现的结果，以及将其结果视为问题，即中文排版之需求。同时提供处理原理或方式，但不提出具体处理技术。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">說明中文排版所表現的結果，以及將其結果視為問題，即中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式，但不提出具體處理技術。</p>
</li>
<li id="id7">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">针对目前中文排版上所遇到的不明确问题，试图提出处理方法，或以列举的方式提出说明。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">針對目前中文排版上所遇到的不明確問題，試圖提出處理方法，或以列舉的方式提出說明。</p>
</li>
<li id="id8">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例，并且在注释中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例，並且在注釋中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。</p>
</li>
<li id="id9">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者，尽可能地以图解来呈现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者，盡可能地以圖解來呈現。</p>
</li>
<li id="id10">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">It mainly explains modern Chinese publications, going back as far as the introduction of moveable type for Chinese printing. Although there are some differences between those early printed publications and current day publications, they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised to cover composition of such ancient publications.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主，并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期，与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同，但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日后再依状况增修。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主，並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期，與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同，但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日後再依狀況增修。</p>
</li>
<li id="id11">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies serve to provide a general guidance for the prioritization of issues.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果，而是作者依经验所做的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断，让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言，表示该排版处理的重要性，而并非信息的准确性。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果，而是作者依經驗所做的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷，讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言，表示該排版處理的重要性，而並非資訊的準確性。</p>
</li>
<li id="id12">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The main target of this document is common books. But other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文以书籍作为主要描述对象，但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">本文以書籍作為主要描述對象，但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="h_direction">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Text direction</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文本方向</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文本方向</span>
</h2>
<section id="h_writing_mode">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Writing mode</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">行文模式</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">行文模式</span>
</h3>
<section id="writing_modes_in_chinese_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Writing modes in Chinese</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的行文模式</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的行文模式</span>
</h4>
<!-- oldid -->
<span id="writing_modes"></span>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese composition has two text directions, <a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">vertical writing mode</a> and <a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">horizontal writing mode</a>. Publications from Taiwan and Hong Kong are composed in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode; while publications from Chinese Mainland are mostly composed in horizontal writing mode, only some are composed in vertical writing mode. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文的文本方向分为<a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">直排</a>与<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">横排</a>。其中，台湾、香港的中文出版品适用直排与横排；中国大陆的出版品则多为横排，直排书籍的案例较少。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文的文本方向分為<a href="#term.vertical-writing-mode" class="termref">直排</a>與<a href="#term.horizontal-writing-mode" class="termref">橫排</a>。其中，台灣、香港的中文出版品適用直排與橫排；中國大陸的出版品則多為橫排，直排書籍的案例較少。</p>
<div class="note" id="n012">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Ever since the letterpress printing period, the characters and punctuation marks used for Chinese composition have basically been designed to have a square character frame. Thus the same collection of printing types can be used in either vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode, simply by changing the direction of text. However, some adjustments will be needed for the punctuation marks so as to match the writing direction of the characters and their composition. This is described in more detail in [[[#major_differences_between_horizontal_and_vertical_writing_modes]]]. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文所使用的汉字与标点符号，原则上都是正方形的文字，自活字排版时代起，无论直、横排，都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分标点符号需配合文字书写方向调整字面分布及方向，见[[[#major_differences_between_horizontal_and_vertical_writing_modes]]]节之詳述。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文所使用的漢字與標點符號，原則上都是正方形的文字，自活字排版時代起，無論直、橫排，都能使用相同的活字排列。但部分標點符號需配合文字書寫方向調整字面分布及方向，見[[[#major_differences_between_horizontal_and_vertical_writing_modes]]]節之詳述。</p>
</div>
<div class="note" id="n014">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Traditionally, Chinese publications were composed mainly in vertical writing mode, and this tradition has been largely preserved in Taiwan and Hong Kong. However, with the increasing amount of translated publications and mixed-text publications, and the default mode of writing in word processors, horizontal writing mode is becoming more and more popular. In Taiwan, government departments, educational materials and books on natural science mainly use horizontal writing mode while literary works such as poetry and novels still use vertical writing mode. Vertical writing mode still stands as an important cultural characteristic of regions where Traditional Chinese is used.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">传统上，中文书籍以直排为主，台湾、香港较大程度地保留了这项传统。然而，近年随着翻译或中、西文混排等书籍的数量增加，加上文字处理软件的预设文字书写方向的影响，横排也逐渐成为主流。在台湾，公文、自然科学类书籍等使用横排居多；而文学作品，如诗、小说等，仍以直排为主。直排仍为繁体中文通行地区的重要文化表征之一。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">傳統上，中文書籍以直排為主，台灣、香港較大程度地保留了這項傳統。然而，近年隨著翻譯或中、西文混排等書籍的數量增加，加上文書處理軟體的預設文字書寫方向的影響，橫排也逐漸成為主流。在台灣，公文、自然科學類書籍等使用橫排居多；而文學作品，如詩、小說等，仍以直排為主。直排仍為繁體中文通行地區的重要文化表徵之一。</p>
</div>
<div class="note" id="n015">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">There is usually only one direction for all text throughout a book, but there are cases where horizontal writing mode is used in certain parts of vertically composed books. Tables, captions for illustrations, running heads, and page numbers are usually composed horizontally in a page with a vertical writing mode.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一份印刷品中，原则上会选用统一的文字书写方向进行排版。但直排印刷品中，页眉、图说、表格等多会混用横排。同时，部分页面，如参考书目、注释等亦可能使用横排呈现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一份印刷品中，原則上會選用統一的文字書寫方向進行排版。但直排印刷品中，頁眉、圖說、表格等多會混用橫排。同時，部分頁面，如參考書目、註釋等亦可能使用橫排呈現。</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="major_differences_between_horizontal_and_vertical_writing_modes">
<h4> <span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Major differences between horizontal and vertical writing modes</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排与直排的主要差异点</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排與直排的主要差異點</span> </h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The following are the major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排与横排的主要差异点，列举如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排與橫排的主要差異點，列舉如下：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id56">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages; direction of page progression.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字、行、栏以及页面配置、装订方向</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字、行、欄以及頁面配置、裝訂方向</p>
<ol>
<li id="id57">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Vertical composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時</p>
<ul>
<li id="id58">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字由上向下，行由右向左排列。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字由上而下，行由右而左排列。</p>
</li>
<li id="id59">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Columns are arranged horizontally from top to bottom.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">栏水平切割，上下分栏。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">欄水平切割，上下分欄。</p>
</li>
<li id="id60">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">页面由左页（正面）开始，由右向左进行配置（由左向右翻页）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">頁面由左頁（正面）開始，由右向左進行配置（由左向右翻頁）。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="id61">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Horizontal composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時</p>
<ul>
<li id="id62">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字由左向右，行由上向下排列。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字由左而右，行由上而下排列。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese traditionally only uses vertical writing mode. When horizontal lines are used in content that is set vertically, such as on stone inscriptions or headings for newspapers and magazines. In such cases, characters should be ordered from right to left. but now this has largely been replaced by the horizontal lines that are read from left to right.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文传统上仅使用直排，当横排文字使用于直排文字时，如匾额、报纸、杂志的标题，文字应为由右向左排列。但目前多为由左而右的横排书写方向取代。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文傳統上僅使用直排，當橫排文字使用於直排文字時，如匾額、報紙、雜誌的標題，文字應為由右向左排列。但目前多為由左而右的橫排書寫方向取代。</p>
</li>
<li id="id63">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Columns are arranged vertically from left to right.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">栏垂直切割，左右分栏。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">欄垂直切割，左右分欄。</p>
</li>
<li id="id64">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">页面由右页（正面）开始，由左而右进行配置（由右向左翻页）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">頁面由右頁（正面）開始，由左而右進行配置（由右向左翻頁）。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The glyphs and usage of punctuation marks. There are no notable differences among different regions in the glyphs of punctuation marks. The major differences are their size and where the character face is positioned relative to the character frame.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">标点符号的字形及用法。各地的标点符号在字形上未有显著差异，区别主要是符号的尺寸与字面分布。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">標點符號的字形及用法。各地的標點符號在字形上未有顯著差異，區別主要係符號的尺寸與字面分布。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Punctuation marks used in Taiwan and Hong Kong are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them; while in vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode, some of the punctuation marks are positioned in different directions so as to mark the corresponding characters more accurately. In Mainland China, the punctuation marks are usually positioned following the characters they are supposed to mark; while some punctuation marks might be positioned in different directions due to the vertical or horizontal writing mode. Also, different writing modes might require different punctuation marks to fulfill the same function, e.g. horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires corner brackets.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">港台的标点多位于字面正中，部分标号在直、横排中使用不同的方向以准确地标注文字；中国大陆的标点多位于被标注文字的末端、字面始端，部分标号在直、横排中除了使用不同的方向外，亦有需要因文字书写方向替换符号形式的需求，如引号（横排使用弯引号，直排使用直角引号）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">港台的標點多位於字面正中，部分標號在直、橫排中使用不同的方向以準確地標注文字；中國大陸的標點多位於受注文字的末端、字面始端，部分標號在直、橫排中除了使用不同的方向外，亦有需要因文字書寫方向替換符號形式的需求，如引號（橫排使用彎引號，直排使用直角引號）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Pause or stop punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. They take the same dimensions as well as the direction as a character in their respective writing modes does. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, pause or stop punctuation marks are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them. In Chinese Mainland, they are positioned in the top or bottom side in the space left for them following the marked characters. In horizontal writing mode, the pause or stop punctuation marks are placed at the lower left corner in the square space while in vertical writing mode, they are placed in the right upper corner.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">点号，包括：顿号、逗号、分号、冒号、句号、问号、叹号等，占一个汉字的大小，直、横排方向一致。港台的排版位于字面正中；中国大陆的排版则位于文字末端、字面始端偏顶端或底端一侧（横排时位于字面左下角，直排时位于字面右上角）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">點號，包括：頓號、逗號、分號、冒號、句號、問號、驚嘆號等，佔一個漢字的大小，直、橫排方向一致。港台的排版位於字面正中；中國大陸的排版則位受注文字末端、字面始端偏頂端或底端一側（橫排時位字面左下角，直排時位字面右上角）。</p>
<figure id="region-specific-punctuation-example">
<img width="250" height="205" alt="GB/T 15834規定的標點位置" src="images/zh/locale_punctuation.png">
<figcaption><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">An example punctuation position for vertical writing mode in Mainland China</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中国大陆竖排标点位置示例。</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中國大陸直排標點位置範例。</span></figcaption>
</figure>
</li>
<li id="id65">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">When the text contains Western alphas or <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>, the typesetting method is as follows:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文中包含西文字母、<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯数字</a>时，配置如下：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文中包含西文字母、<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯數字</a>時，配置如下：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id66">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In vertical writing mode, there are 3 methods for arranging Western alphas or <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时，西文字母或<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯数字</a>有以下三种配置方式：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時，西文字母或<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯數字</a>有以下三種配置方式：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id67">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">One by one, with the same upright orientation as Han characters. This usually applies to single-letter alphanumerics, and acronyms.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">与汉字采相同的书写方向，依字母逐个排列，主要用于单一西文字母或阿拉伯数字，以及首字母缩略词等。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">與漢字採相同的書寫方向，依字母逐個排列，主要用於單一西文字母或阿拉伯數字，以及首字母縮略詞等。</p>
<figure id="latin-one-by-one"> <img its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" src="images/en/latin-one-by-one.svg" alt="Arrangement of Western text in vertical writing mode—normal orientation." width="123" height="181"> <img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" src="images/zh/latin-one-by-one-Hans.svg" alt="直排中的西文排版示例1" width="123" height="181"> <img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" src="images/zh/latin-one-by-one-Hant.svg" alt="直排中的西文排版示例1" width="123" height="181">
<figcaption> <span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Arrangement of Western text in vertical writing mode—normal orientation.</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排中的西文排版示例1</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排中的西文排版示例1</span> </figcaption>
</figure>
<div class="note" id="n017">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Western alphas or <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a> used for this arrangement should have the same fixed size and width as the Han characters, rather than a proportional width.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">西文字母或<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯数字</a>，采用此配置时，需使用与汉字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等宽字体，而非比例字体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">西文字母或<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯數字</a>，採用此配置時，需使用與漢字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等寬字體，而非比例字體。</p>
</div>
</li>
<li id="id68">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to Western words or sentences.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">文字以顺时针方向旋转90°，主要用于西文的单词、语句等（见[[[#latin-90-clockwise]]]）。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">文字以順時針方向旋轉90°，主要用於西文的單詞、語句等（見[[[#latin-90-clockwise]]]）。</p>
<figure id="latin-90-clockwise"> <img its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" src="images/en/latin-90-clockwise.svg" alt="Arrangement of Western text in vertical writing mode—rotated 90 degrees clockwise." width="124" height="188"> <img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" src="images/zh/latin-90-clockwise-Hans.svg" alt="直排中的西文排版示例2" width="124" height="188"> <img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" src="images/zh/latin-90-clockwise-Hant.svg" alt="直排中的西文排版示例2" width="124" height="188">
<figcaption> <span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Arrangement of Western text in vertical writing mode—rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排中的西文排版示例2</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排中的西文排版示例2</span> </figcaption>
</figure>
</li>
<li id="id69">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Set horizontally without changing orientation (like <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#handling_of_tatechuyoko">tate-chu-yoko</a> in Japanese). This is usually applied to numbers comprising two to three digits.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">保持正常方向，横排处理（如日文的<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#handling_of_tatechuyoko">纵中横排</a>）。主要应用于二至三位数字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">保持正常方向，橫排處理（如日文的<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/jlreq/#handling_of_tatechuyoko">縱中橫排</a>）。主要應用於二至三位數字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme">In principle, if numbers are arranged horizontally in a vertical writing mode, the width of the numbers should not exceed 1 em. This rule originated in the letterpress printing era due to the fixed width of each line. Therefore, in vertical writing mode, Western alphas or <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a> are not limited to two digits, but the width should not exceed 1 em. Some commonly seen examples include "3.0", "A+" and "2B".</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">数字在直排行内横排，原则上不超过一个汉字的字幅。这是从活字印刷时代起，每行宽度固定所致。故直排时，西文字母与<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯数字</a>横排不限于两位数，但原则上不能超过一个汉字。现代常见的用法还包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">數字於直排行內橫排，原則上不超過一個漢字的字幅。這是從活字印刷時代起，每行寬度固定所致。故直排時，西文字母與<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯數字</a>橫排不限於二位數，但原則上不能超過一個漢字。現代常見的用法還包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="id70">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. the normal orientation.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时，以正常方向配置。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時，以正常方向配置。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="id71">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Titles or captions of tables and illustrations.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">图片、表格的标题或说明文字</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">圖片、表格的標題或說明文字</p>
<ol>
<li id="id72">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> In vertical writing mode, put the title or caption of tables or illustrations at the left or right side. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时，图片、表格的标题或说明文字，放在图、表的左侧或右侧。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時，圖片、表格的標題或說明文字，放在圖、表的左側或右側。</p>
</li>
<li id="id73">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"> In horizontal writing mode, put the title or caption of tables or illustrations at the top or bottom. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时，图片、表格的标题或说明文字，放在图、表的上方或下方。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時，圖片、表格的標題或說明文字，放在圖、表的上方或下方。</p>
<div class="note" id="title-caption-header">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"> The title or caption of tables refers to the text outside the table, which is different from the header row/column and header column in the table. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">标题或说明文字通常是表格之外的文本内容，与表格内的标题行、标题列不同。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme">標題或說明文字通常是表格之外的文本內容，與表格內的標題行、標題列不同。</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="table-header-row-column">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Arrangement of the table header row/column.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">表格标题行、标题列的位置</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">表格標題行、標題列的位置</p>
<ol>
<li id="table-header-row-column-vertical">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"> In vertical writing mode, put the header row of the table on the right and the header column on the top. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时，表格的标题行（直行）位于右侧，标题列（横列）位于上方。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時，表格的標題行（直行）位於右側，標題列（橫列）位於上方。</p>
</li>
<li id="table-header-row-column-horizontal">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"> In horizontal writing mode, put the header row of the table on the top and the header column on the left. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时，表格的标题行（横行）位于上方，标题列（直列）位于左侧。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時，表格的標題行（橫行）位於上方，標題列（直列）位於左側。</p>
<div class="note" id="hang-lie">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"> In different regions, the arrangement direction of cells described by <i>row</i> (Chinese: 行 <i>háng</i>) and <i>column</i> (Chinese: 列 <i>liè</i>) in Chinese terminology may be different. For example, 行 in Mainland China usually refers to a horizontal arrangement of cells, and 列 refers to a vertical arrangement of cells; while 行 in Taiwan and Hong Kong usually refers to a vertical arrangement of cells, and 列 (or 栏) refers to a horizontal arrangement of cells. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">在不同的地区，中文术语中的
<ruby>“行”
<rp>（</rp>
<rt>háng</rt>
<rp>）</rp>
</ruby>
和
<ruby>
“列”
<rp>（</rp>
<rt>liè</rt>
<rp>
）
</ruby>
所描述的单元格排列方向，可能是不同的。例如，中国大陆的“行”通常指一组水平排列的单元格，“列”指一组垂直排列的单元格；而台湾、香港地区的“行”通常指一组垂直排列的单元格，“列”（或“栏”）指一组水平排列的单元格。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme">在不同的地區，中文術語中的
<ruby>「行」
<rp>（</rp>
<rt>háng</rt>
<rp>）</rp>
</ruby>
和
<ruby>
「列」
<rp>（</rp>
<rt>liè</rt>
<rp>
）
</ruby>
所描述的單元格排列方向，可能是不同的。例如，中國大陸的「行」通常指一組水平排列的單元格，「列」指一組垂直排列的單元格；而臺灣、香港地區的「行」通常指一組垂直排列的單元格，「列」（或「欄」）指一組水平排列的單元格。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"> This document uses row/column in logical directions consistently, i.e., "row" is vertical in vertical writing mode and horizontal in horizontal writing mode, and "column" is horizontal in vertical writing mode and vertical in horizontal writing mode. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">本文档采用“逻辑行”“逻辑列”来统一表述，也即，“行”在直排模式下垂直、在横排模式下水平，“列”在直排模式下水平、在横排模式下垂直。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" class="checkme">本文檔采用「邏輯行」「邏輯列」來統一表述，也即，「行」在直排模式下垂直、在橫排模式下水平，「列」在直排模式下水平、在橫排模式下垂直。</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="id74">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto, page break, or other reason.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">换页、换章时最末页采多栏排列、行于页面结束时，依以下方式处理：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">換頁、換章時最末頁採多欄排列、行於頁面結束時，依以下方式處理：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id75">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends. The number of lines in each column is not uniform.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时，顺其行文结束，各栏左右行数可不一致。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時，順其行文結束，各欄左右行數可不一致。</p>
</li>
<li id="id76">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In horizontal writing mode, columns can be re-arranged so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排时，各栏的行数可平均。但因字数不足，行数无法与栏数配合时，不足的行数在最后一栏末尾留空。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排時，各欄的行數可平均。但因字數不足，行數無法與欄數配合時，不足的行數於最後一欄末尾留空。</p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="mixed_text_composition_in_vertical_writing_mode">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Mixed text composition in vertical writing mode</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排的中、西文混排配置</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排的中、西文混排配置</span>
</h4>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">For vertical writing mode, the following list describes methods of setting Western alphas and <a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">European numerals</a>:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时，西文字母与<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯数字</a>的配置有以下三种方法：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時，西文字母與<a href="#term.european-numerals" class="termref">阿拉伯數字</a>的配置有以下三種方法：</p>
<ol>
<li id="id110">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">Setting Western text with Han character width monospace fonts</span>. Western alphas or European numerals follow each other, one at a time, in the same direction and orientation as the Han characters. This arrangement is usually adopted where the text contains a single letter or digit, or an acronym (such as <abbr title="Gross Domestic Product">GDP</abbr>).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">采用与汉字等宽的字体或全角文字，使用与汉字相同的书写方向依字母排列，无须转向。当文中的西文字母与阿拉伯数字为单独一字或为首字母缩略词时（如GDP），多使用这种方式配置。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">採用與漢字等寬之字體或全形字元，使用與漢字相同的書寫方向依字母排列，毋須轉向。當文中的西文字母與阿拉伯數字為單獨一字、或為首字母縮略詞時（如GDP），多使用這種方式配置。</p>
<figure id="latin-normal-orientation">
<img its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" src="images/en/latin-one-by-one.svg" alt="Example of Western alphas in normal orientation." width="123" height="181">
<img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" src="images/zh/latin-one-by-one-Hans.svg" alt="没有转向的西文字母示例" width="123" height="181">
<img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" src="images/zh/latin-one-by-one-Hant.svg" alt="沒有轉向的西文字母示例" width="123" height="181">
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Example of Western alphas in normal orientation.</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">没有转向的西文字母示例</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">沒有轉向的西文字母示例</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</li>
<li id="id111">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" class="checkme"><span class="leadin">Setting Western text with proportional fonts, rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span> This approach is usually adopted where Western text compose a word or sentence. There is tracking or spacing between a Han character and an adjacent Western alpha or European numeral, up to a width of 1/4 em, except at the line start or end.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">采用比例字体，将文字顺时针旋转90°配置。当文中的西文为一般单词、语句或四位数以上的阿拉伯数字时，采用此方法配置。汉字与西文字母、阿拉伯数字间使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。但西文出现在行首或行尾时，则无须加入空白。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">採用比例字體，將文字順時針旋轉90度配置。當文中的西字為一般單字詞、語句，或阿拉伯數在四位數以上時，採用此方法配置。漢字與西文字母、阿拉伯數字間使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。但西文出現在行頭或行尾時，則毋須加入空白。</p>
<figure id="latin-90-clockwise-2">
<img its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en" src="images/en/latin-90-clockwise.svg" alt="Example of Western alphas rotated 90 degrees clockwise." width="124" height="188">
<img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" src="images/zh/latin-90-clockwise-Hans.svg" alt="顺时针旋转90°的西文字母示例" width="124" height="188">
<img its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant" src="images/zh/latin-90-clockwise-Hant.svg" alt="順時針旋轉90°的西文字母示例" width="124" height="188">
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Example of Western alphas rotated 90 degrees clockwise.</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">顺时针旋转90°的西文字母示例</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">順時針旋轉90°的西文字母示例</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</li>
<li id="id112">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><span class="leadin">Setting European numerals with proportional fonts in <a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">horizontal-in-vertical orientation</a>.</span> This style is usually adopted when dealing with a two to three digit number whose width is equal to the default line advance or slightly wider (within an acceptable range).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">阿拉伯数字使用比例字体，以<a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">纵中横排</a>（保持正常方向，横排）方式配置。主要应用于两至三位数的阿拉伯数字，其宽度与行幅相当，或稍微切出行幅。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">阿拉伯數字使用比例字體，以<a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">縱中橫排</a>（保持正常方向，橫排）方式配置。主要應用於二至三位數的阿拉伯數字，其寬度與行幅相當，或稍微切出行幅。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="note" id="n037">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Han numerals are usually used in vertical writing mode, however, in recent years it is becoming more common to see fullwidth European numerals and proportional numerals set as <a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">horizontal-in-vertical</a>.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时多使用汉字数字，然而近年使用阿拉伯数字的情况渐有增长，<a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">纵中横排</a>亦颇为常见。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時多使用漢字數字，然而近年使用阿拉伯數字的情況漸有增長，<a href="#term.horizontal-in-vertical" class="termref">縱中橫排</a>亦頗為常見。</p>
</div>
<div class="note" id="n038">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Quotation marks are usually not used in vertical writing mode (corner brackets are used instead). However, when quoting Western text, quotation marks are sometimes used to match Western style. In this case, the orientation of the quotation marks must follow the quoted Western text (rotated 90° clockwise).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直排时通常不使用弯引号，但在直排中引用西文内容时，可采用与西文样式更匹配的弯引号。该情况下，弯引号的书写方向需跟随被引用的西文内容转向。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直排時通常不使用彎引號，但在直排中引用西文內容時，可採用與西文樣式更匹配的彎引號。該情況下，彎引號的書寫方向需跟隨被引用的西文內容轉向。</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<!-- <section id="h_bidi_text">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Bidirectional text</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">双向文本</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">雙向文本</span>
</h3>
<div class="ednote">
<p>TBD(?) We have 3 options here:</p>
<ol>
<li>Remove this section.</li>
<li>Write up some information about RTL Chinese. (Btw, see <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-ltr-scripts-in-rtl.en.html">this article</a>.)</li>
<li>Leave this as a placeholder for future reference.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</section> -->
</section>
<section id="h_shaping">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Glyph shaping & positioning</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">字形的变形与定位</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">字形的變形與定位</span>
</h2>
<section id="h_fonts">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fonts & font styles</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">字型与字型样式</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">字型與字型樣式</span>
</h3>
<section id="four_commonly_used_typefaces_for_chinese_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Four frequently-used typefaces for Chinese text</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版经常使用的四种字体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版經常使用的四種字體</span>
</h4>
<!-- oldid -->
<span id="commonly_used_chinese_typefaces"></span>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
There are many types of typefaces used in Chinese composition, but the following four typefaces are the most important ones:
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版使用的字体种类繁多，但有四种字体最为重要：</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版使用的字體種類繁多，但有四種字體最為重要：</p>
<ul>
<li id="id22"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span></li>
<li id="id23"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span></li>
<li id="id24"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span></li>
<li id="id25"><span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span> <span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span></li>
</ul>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
These four typefaces can be used alone in the main text of books, or they can be mixed as well. The following sections introduce their usage scenarios respectively.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">这四种字体均既可单独用于图书的长篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各节分别介绍其使用情境。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">這四種字體均既可單獨用於圖書的長篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各節分別介紹其使用情境。</p>
<section id="song">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-song">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/songti.svg" alt="Samples of Song" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_song" class="lint-ignore">Song</dfn>, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common typeface used in Chinese printing. As seen in [[[#fig-song]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">宋体，又称为明体或明朝体，是中文排版最常使用的字体。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用的字體。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text. </p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时，通常会特别加强字重，使其与内文有所差异。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，使其與內文有所差異。</p>
</section>
<section id="kai">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-kai">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/kaiti.svg" alt="Samples of Kai" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_kai" class="lint-ignore">Kai</dfn> also known as Kaiti or regular script, is another major typeface, which provides calligraphic styles for Chinese text. It shows notable handwriting features. As seen in [[[#fig-kai]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体又称正书、真书，为中文排版常用的字体。字体特性为带有书法形态、手写笔触。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體又稱正書、真書，為中文排版常用的字體。字體特性為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Kai is commonly used in official documents and textbooks. Most official documents in Taiwan use Kai in full text.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体普遍用于公文书、教科书。台湾的公文书多全文使用楷体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體普遍用於公文書、教科書。臺灣的公文書多全文使用楷體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Kai can also be combined with other typefaces to be used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">楷体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、引言、摘句、对话、内容出处等与内文有所不同的段落上。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">楷體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等與內文有所不同的段落上。</p>
</section>
<section id="hei">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-hei">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/heiti.svg" alt="Samples of Hei" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Hei</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en"><dfn id="endef_hei" class="lint-ignore">Hei</dfn>, also known as Heiti or Gothic, is a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and less decoration, as seen in [[[#fig-hei]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体又作方体，字体特性为笔画宽度平均，较少装饰。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體又作方體，字體特性為筆畫寬度平均，較少裝飾。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Traditionally, publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">传统印刷品少使用黑体作为内文文字，但受到万维网、数字出版的影响，也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">傳統印刷品少使用黑體作為內文文字，但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響，也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">
Hei can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. In body text, characters in Hei style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.
</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">黑体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、图说、对话之人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">黑體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。</p>
</section>
<section id="imitation_song">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span>
</h4>
<figure id="fig-fangsong">
<span style="text-align:center;"><img src="images/zh/fangsong.svg" alt="Samples of Fangsong" width="800" height="380"></span>
<figcaption>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong (Imitation Song)</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The <dfn id="endef_fangsong" class="lint-ignore">Fangsong</dfn> (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. As seen in [[[#fig-fangsong]]].</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong is often used in literary works and ancient books, while Mainland China stipulates that the official documents of the government should use Fangsong in principle.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体常用于文艺作品和古籍，而中国大陆则规定政府公文原则上应使用仿宋体。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體常用於文藝作品和古籍，而中國大陸則規定政府公文原則上應使用仿宋體。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Fangsong can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in secondary titles and isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">仿宋体也可与其他字体搭配，常用于副标题和引言、摘句等区别于内文的部分上。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">仿宋體也可與其他字體搭配，常用於副標題和引言、摘句等區別於內文的部分上。</p>
</section>
</section>
<!-- </section>-->
</section>
<!-- <section id="h_context">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Context-based shaping & positioning</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">基于上下文的字形变形与定位</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">基于上下文的字形變形與定位</span>
</h3>
</section> -->
<!-- <section id="h_letterforms">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Letterform slopes, weights, & italics</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">斜体、字重与意大利体</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">斜體、字重與意大利體</span>
</h3>
<p>TBD(?)</p>
</section> -->
</section>
<section id="h_units">
<h2>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Typographic units</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">排版单元</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">排版單元</span>
</h2>
<section id="h_encoding">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters & encoding</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">字符与编码</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">字元與編碼</span>
</h3>
<!--<section id="characters_and_the_principles_of_setting_them_for_chinese_composition">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters and Principles for Arranging Characters in Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原则</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版所使用的文字和基本原則</span>
</h3>
-->
<!-- <section id="characters_used_in_chinese_composition">
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Characters used for Chinese Composition</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版所使用的文字</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版所使用的文字</span>
</h4> -->
<!-- oldid -->
<span id="characters_used_in_chinese_composition"></span>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (Hanzi).</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版主要使用的文字为汉字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">依照各地的通行标准，中文所使用的汉字主要分为繁体字与简体字。前者又称正体字、传统汉字等，主要通行于台湾、香港、澳门等地；后者又作简化字，主要通行于中国大陆、新马地区。本文依笔画多寡与部件结构为区别，分别称为繁体字与简体字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">依照各地的通行標準，中文所使用的漢字主要分為繁體字與簡體字。前者又作正體字、傳統漢字等，主要通行於台灣、香港、澳門等地；後者又作簡化字，主要通行於中國大陸、星馬地區。本文依筆畫多寡與部件結構為區別，分別稱為繁體字與簡體字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Different glyphs are used in different regions. One <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode code point</a> of a Han character may have more than one valid glyph, depending on operating system and typeface used. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and will not cover glyph variations in detail.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">不同地区所使用的字形有差异，各种字形与<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode码位</a>并非一一对应关系，需要依赖处理系统和字体来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版，对此不做详述。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">不同地區所使用的字形有差異，各種字形與<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-glossary/#dfn-unicode-code-point">Unicode碼位</a>並非一一對應關係，需要依賴處理系統和字體來呈現。本文主要探究中文排版，對此不做詳述。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">In addition to Han characters (Hanzi), various punctuation marks, as well as Western text such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版除了汉字外，也使用标点符号，也会与阿拉伯数字、拉丁文字、希腊文字等西文混排。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版除了漢字外，也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等西文混排。</p>
<div class="note" id="n002">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">One Simplified Chinese character may have more than one corresponding Traditional form. For example, the Simplified Chinese character <span lang="zh-hans">发</span> can be mapped to either the Traditional Chinese character <span lang="zh-hant">發</span> or <span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>. By contrast, the circumstances where one Traditional Chinese character corresponds to more than one Simplified Chinese character are fairly rare but still worth noting. For example, the Traditional Chinese character <span lang="zh-hant">乾</span> may be mapped to either the Simplified Chinese character <span lang="zh-hans">干</span> or <span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>. The mapping relationship between Traditional and Simplified Chinese is not one-to-one and particular character conversion depends on its context.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">一个简体字可能对应多个繁体字，如简体字“<span lang="zh-hans">发</span>”，其相应的繁体字可能为“<span lang="zh-hant">發</span>”或“<span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>”；一个繁体汉字对应多个简体汉字的情况与前者相比数量极少但仍需注意，如繁体字“<span lang="zh-hant">乾</span>”可能对应简体字“<span lang="zh-hans">干</span>”或“<span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>”。繁简汉字的对应关系具体应由上下文决定。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">一個簡體字可能對應多個繁體字，如簡體字「<span lang="zh-hans">发</span>」，其相應的繁體字可能為「<span lang="zh-hant">發</span>」或「<span lang="zh-hant">髮</span>」；一個繁體漢字對應多個簡體漢字的情況與前者相比數量極少但仍需注意，如繁體字「<span lang="zh-hant">乾</span>」可能對應簡體字「<span lang="zh-hans">干</span>」或「<span lang="zh-hans">乾</span>」。繁簡漢字的對應關係具體應由上下文決定。</p>
</div>
<!-- <section id="chinese_and_western_mixed_text_composition">
<h3>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Texts</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中、西文混排处理</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中、西文混排處理</span>
</h3> -->
<!-- oldid -->
<span id="chinese_and_western_mixed_text_composition"></span>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">There are many examples in Chinese text where Western text, such as Latin letters, Greek letters, or European numerals, are found alongside Han characters. The following are just a few examples:</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中文排版中，汉字与拉丁字母、希腊字母或阿拉伯数字等西文混排的状况经常出现，以下列举部分范例。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中文排版中，漢字與拉丁字母、希臘字母或阿拉伯數字等西文混排的狀況經常出現，以下列舉部分範例。</p>
<ol>
<li id="id105">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">One Western letter used as a symbol for something, such as ‘A’ or ‘B’.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">使用西文字母作为符号，如“A”“B”。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">使用西文字母作為符號，如「A」「B」。</p>
</li>
<li id="id106">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">A Western word is used in a Chinese context, such as ‘editor’.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">直接使用如“editor”的西文单词。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">直接使用如「editor」的西文單字詞。</p>
</li>
<li id="id107">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Acronyms, such as 'DTP' or 'GDP'.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">使用组织名称、专有名词等的首字母缩略词，例如DTP、GDP。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">使用組織名稱、專有名詞等的首字母縮略詞，例如DTP、GDP。</p>
</li>
<li id="id108">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Book titles or authors in references to Western books that use the original spelling.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">呈现西文文献等的作者名、书名等时，采用原本表记的方式呈现。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">呈現西文文獻等的作者名、書名等時，採用原本表記的方式呈現。</p>
</li>
<li id="id109">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">European numerals used to express years or other numbers, such as '1999年'.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">使用阿拉伯数字表示纪年、数量值、编号等，如“1999年”。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">使用阿拉伯數字表示紀年、數量詞、編號等，如「1999年」。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Alphanumerics are also used in itemized lists and numbered headings, or as symbols for chemical elements or mathematical formulae. It can be seen from these examples that it is an everyday occurrence to find Western characters mixed with Han characters in Chinese composition.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">项目符号与标题编号、单位符号、元素符号、数学符号等也多有西文字母或阿拉伯数字，由此可知，日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常见。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">項目符號與標題編號、單位符號、元素符號、數學符號等也多有西文字母或阿拉伯數字，由此可知，日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常見。</p>
<div class="note" id="n035">
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Western numerals, sometimes called arabic, or arabic-indic numerals, are referred to as European numerals in the context of this document, unless notes indicate otherwise.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans" class="checkme">若无特别提示，本文使用的“阿拉伯数字”皆指西方语言或欧洲形式的印度-阿拉伯数字。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">若無特別提示，本文使用之「阿拉伯數字」皆指西方語言或歐洲形式的印度－阿拉伯數字。</p>
</div>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Formerly, <a href="#term.fullwidth" class="termref">fullwidth</a> ASCII characters were often used, either to make the presentation look orderly, or simply due to the poorly developed computer technologies available for text layout. Nowadays, typesetting engines allow for proportional or monospace fonts, as required, rather than forcing the user to resort to the old fullwidth blocks of Latin letters and European numerals.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">过去，由于计算机排版技术不精良，多使用“<a href="#term.fullwidth" class="termref">全角</a>ASCII字符”以达到整齐等视觉排版效果。现今在文本储存时，应避免使用该区段的拉丁字母及数字字符，交由排版引擎处理比例字体、等宽字体等显示需求。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">過去，因計算機排版技術不甚精良，多使用「<a href="#term.fullwidth" class="termref">全形</a>ASCII字元」以達整齊等視覺排版效果。現今在文本儲存時，應避免使用該區段之拉丁字母及數字字元，交由排版引擎處理比例字體、等寬字體等顯示需求。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">When Western texts are mixed with Han characters, Chinese style punctuation and its common usage should be used in principle since the main text is Chinese. However, in the case of technical documents, if plenty of formulae are contained in the text, the full stop can be unified with the western-style period, <span class="uname" translate="no">U+002E FULL STOP</span> [.], and the ellipsis can be unifed with the western-style ellipsis, <span class="uname" translate="no">U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</span> […]. The way glyphs are positioned relative to the character frame follows the Western convention for both Simplified and Traditional text. Also in textbooks on the grammar of Western languages, which contain plenty of example sentences mixed with Chinese, the aforementioned western-style periods can be used.</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">中西混排中，由于正文是中文，原则上应该使用中文标点，遵守中文标点的习惯用法。但是，涉及公式较多的科学技术中文图书，句号可以统一使用西文句号<span class="uname" translate="no">U+002E FULL STOP</span> [.]，省略号可以使用西文省略号U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文习惯；又或西文例句较多且多与中文混排的中文版西文语法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句号。</p>
<p its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">中西混排中，由於正文是中文，原則上應該使用中文標點，遵守中文標點的習慣用法。但是，涉及公式較多的科學技術中文圖書，句號可以統一使用西文句號<span class="uname" translate="no">U+002E FULL STOP</span> [.]，刪節號可以使用西文刪節號U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文習慣；又或西文例句較多且多與中文混排的中文版西文語法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句號。</p>
<!-- <section>
<h4>
<span its-locale-filter-list="en" lang="en">Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">横排的中、西文混排配置</span>
<span its-locale-filter-list="zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">橫排的中、西文混排配置</span>
</h4>
</section> -->
</section>
</section>